Syntax « Paul Sweatte

Syntax

Here is a comparison of programming language syntax which highlights the syntax equivalents of useful language features across several that I use for both research and commercial coding. This is a work in progress consisting of reference and practical examples of converting code when switching between programming languages.

COMMENTS

Coldfusion: <!- - - boo - - ->

PHP: /* boo */

Ruby: =begin boo =end

Python: ‘ ‘ ‘ boo ‘ ‘ ‘

Javascript: /* boo */

JSP/JSTL: /* boo */

Perl: =begin boo =end

HERE DOCUMENT

Coldfusion: N/A

PHP:

$firstname = “jim”;

$lastname = “walker”;

$message = “How do you do?”

echo <<blockotext

I am $firstname $lastname.

$message

blockotext;

Ruby:

firstname = “jim”

lastname = “walker”

message = “How do you do?”

puts <<blockotext

I am #{firstname} #{lastname}.

#{message}

blockotext

Python:

firstname = “jim”

lastname = “walker”

message = “How do you do?”

print(”"”\

I am %(firstname) %(lastname).

%(message)

“”" % locals() )

Javascript: N/A

JSP/JSTL: N/A

Perl:

$firstname = “jim”;

$lastname = “walker”;

$message = “How do you do?”

print <<blockotext

I am $firstname $lastname.

$message

blockotext;

OPERATORS

Coldfusion: EQ or = = or IS

PHP: = = = or = =

Ruby: = =

Python: = = or IS

Javascript: = = = or = =

JSP/JSTL: = =

Perl: = =

Coldfusion: NEQ or != or IS NOT

PHP: != or != =

Ruby: !=

Python:!= or <> or IS NOT

Javascript:!= or != =

JSP/JSTL: !=

Perl: !=

Coldfusion: GT or >

PHP: >

Ruby: >

Python:>

Javascript:>

JSP/JSTL: >

Perl: > or GT

Coldfusion: GTE or >=

PHP: >=

Ruby: >=

Python:>=

Javascript:>=

JSP/JSTL: >=

Perl: >= or GE

Coldfusion: <cfset result = CompareNoCase(a,b)>

PHP: <? $result = strcmp(a,b); ?>

Ruby: result = a <=> b

Python: result = cmp(a,b)

Javascript: var result = (a===b) ? 0 : (a>b) ? 1 : -1

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: $result = $a <=> $b;(numbers)

$result = $a cmp $b; (strings)

Coldfusion: <cfif B GT 0> <cfset vehicle = ‘jeep’> <cfelse> <cfset vehicle = ‘bus’></cfif>

PHP: <? $vehicle = $B ? ‘jeep’ : ‘bus’; ?>

Ruby: vehicle = B ? ‘jeep’ :’bus’

Python: vehicle = ‘jeep’ if B else ‘bus’

Javascript: vehicle = B ? ‘jeep’ :’bus’

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: $vehicle = $B ? ‘jeep’ : ‘bus’;

SIGILS

Coldfusion: # - variable

PHP: $ - variable

Ruby: $ - global variable

@ - object instance variable

@@ - object class variable

# - string interpolation

Python: % - string interpolation

Javascript: N/A

JSP/JSTL: $ - variable

Perl: $ - scalar

@ - array

% - hashmap

& - subroutine call

NAMESPACES

Coldfusion: application, session, client, server, request, query, form, cgi, cookie, url, attributes, caller, variables(local scope), var(function scope), this

PHP: function, global, static, class, private, public, protected, final

Ruby: def, global, class, private, public, protected

Python: def, global, class, module

Javascript: var, window, document, function, object, global

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: sub, global, package

VARIABLE EXISTENCE

Coldfusion: <cfif isdefined(”var”)>

PHP: <? if (isset($var) ) ?>

Ruby: if defined?(var)

Python: try:var

except NameError:

var = 0

Javascript: if (var === undefined)

JSP/JSTL: <c:if test=”${!empty var}”>

Perl: if defined($var)

VARIABLE DUMPING

Coldfusion: <cfdump var=”#application#”>

PHP: <? var_dump($application); ?>

Ruby: require yaml

puts YAML::dump(application)

Python: dump(application)

Javascript: N/A without creating a dump function, but alert(application) is a basic alternative

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: use Data::Dumper;
print Dumper $x;

DYNAMIC VARIABLE NAMING

Coldfusion: <cfset myString = #variables["string_'' & myArray[i]]#>

PHP: <? $myString = ’string_’.$myArray[i];?>

Ruby: mystring = ‘’string_”.concat(myArray[i])

Python: mystring = ‘’string_”. + myArray[i]

Javascript: mystring = [''string_'' + myArray[i]];

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: $mystring = “string_” . $myArray[i];

SHORT CIRCUIT EVALUATION

Coldfusion:


<cfif isDefined("x") AND x EQ 1>
  <cfset x = x + 1>
</cfif>

PHP:

Ruby:


x = x || 1

Python:


def __init__(self, contents=[]):
    self.contents = contents[:]

Javascript:

JSP/JSTL:
Perl:


$realchoice = $userchoice || $systemchoice || $defaultchoice;

RECURSION

Coldfusion:


<cffunction name="factorial">
   <cfargument name="factor" required="yes" type="numeric">
   <cfif factor LTE 1>
      <cfreturn 1>
   <cfelse>
      <cfreturn factor * factorial(factor -1)>
   </cfif>
</cffunction>

PHP:

Ruby:


def factorial(n)
  if n == 0
    1
  else
    n * factorial(n-1)
  end
end

Python:


def factorial(n)
  if n == 0
    1
  else
    n * factorial(n-1)
  end
end

Javascript:


function foo(i)
  {
  if (i < 0) return;
  alert('begin:' + i);
  foo(i - 1);
  alert('end:' + i);
  }
  foo(3);
/*
begin:3
begin:2
begin:1
begin:0
end:0
end:1
end:2
end:3
*/

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


sub fact {
  my $n = shift;
  return 1 if $n < 2;
  return $n * fact( $n - 1 );
}

REFLECTION

Coldfusion:


<cfset stringfunc="createObject(">
<cfset argumenttypearray="arrayNew(1)">
<cfset argumenttypearray[1]="createObject(">
<cfset argumenttypearray[2]="createObject(">
<cfset method="stringFunc.getClass().getMethod(">
<cfset comparestring1="This is a test.">
<cfset comparestring2="This is another test.">
<cfset argumentarray="arrayNew(1)">
<cfset argumentarray[1]="compareString1">
<cfset argumentarray[2]="compareString2">
<cfset result="method.invoke(stringFunc,">
<cfoutput>
Compare String 1: #compareString1#
Compare String 2: #compareString2# result = #result#
</cfoutput>

PHP:


$class = "Foo";
$method = "hello";
$object = new $class();
$object->$method();

Ruby:

 Class.const_get(:Foo).new.send(:hello)

Python:


instance = 'foo'
method = 'Hello'
getattr(globals()[instance], method)()

Javascript:

 new this['Foo']()['hello']()

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


my $class  = "Foo";
my $method = "hello";
my $object = $class->new();
$object->$method();

MEMOIZING

Coldfusion:

PHP:

Ruby:


def memoize(name)
      meth = method(name)
      cache = {}
      (class << self; self; end).class_eval do
         define_method(name) do |*args|
            cache.has_key?(args) ? cache[args] : cache[args] ||= meth.call(*args)
         end
      end
      cache
   end
end

# Our fibonacci function
def fib(n)
   return n if n < 2
   fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
end

Python:


def memoize ( func ) :
    remembered = {}
    def memoized ( *args ) :
        if args in remembered :
            return remembered[ args ]
        else :
            new = func( *args )
            remembered[ args ] = new
            return new
    return memoized

fib_memo = {}
def fib(n):
     if n < 2: return 1
     if not fib_memo.has_key(n):
         fib_memo[n] = fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
     return fib_memo[n]

Javascript:


function getXHR()
    {
    var xhr;
    if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
      {xhr  = new XMLHttpRequest();}
    else if (window.ActiveXObject)
      {xhr = new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');}
     this.getXHR = function()      {return xhr;}
     return xhr;
    }

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


my @fib;
sub fib
    {
    my $n = shift;
    return $fib[$n] if defined $fib[$n];
    return $fib[$n] = $n if $n < 2;
    $fib[$n] = fib($n-1) + fib($n-2);
    }

LIST COMPREHENSION

Coldfusion:

PHP:

Ruby:

Python:


print [(x,y) for x in (1,2,3,4) for y in (10,15,3,22) if x*y > 25]

Javascript:


function range(n)
  {
  for (var i = 0; i < n; i++)
    yield i;
  }

var doubles = [2 * x for (x in range(100)) if (x * x > 3)];

var evens = [i for each (i in range(0, 21)) if (i % 2 == 0)];

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:

COROUTINE

Coldfusion:

PHP:

Ruby:


def evens
  Fiber.new do
    value = 0
    loop do
      Fiber.yield value
      value += 2
    end
  end
end

def consumer(source)
  Fiber.new do
    10.times do
      next_value = source.resume
      puts next_value
    end
  end
end

consumer(evens).resume

Python:

Javascript:

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:

CONTINUATION

Coldfusion:

PHP:

Ruby:


def loop
   for i in 1..10
     puts i
     callcc {|c| return c}
     if i == 5
   end
end

Python:


def f(a, b):
    while 1:
        (a, b) = (a-b, a+b)
        yield (a,b)
x = f(1,2)
x.next()
(-1, 3)
x.next()
(-4, 2)
x.next()
(-6, -2)

Javascript:


var sleep = function(millis)
    {
    var future = new Future();
    setTimeout(future.fulfill, millis);
    yield future.result();
    };

var animate = function(element, property, endValue, duration, frameTime)
    {
    // calculate animation variables
    var frameCount = Math.ceil(duration/frameTime);
    var startValue = parseInt(element.style[property], 10);
    var distance = endValue - startValue;
    var jumpSize = Math.ceil(distance/frameCount);

    // do the animation
    for (var i = 0; i < frameCount - 1; i++)
        {
        var nextValue = startValue + (jumpSize * i);
        element.style[property] = nextValue + "px";
        // note the yielding operation
        yield sleep(frameTime);
        }

    element.style[property] = endValue + "px";
    };

var waitForClick = function(element)
    {
    var future = new Future();
    element.onclick = future.fulfill;
    yield future.result();
    };

var run = function()
    {
    var theButton = document.getElementById("theButton");
        while(true)
            {
 	 theButton.innerHTML = "go right";

	 // move the button to the right (note the blocking operations)
	 yield waitForClick(theButton);
	 theButton.innerHTML = "–>";
	 yield animate(theButton, "left", 200, 1000, 20);

            theButton.innerHTML = "go left";

	 // move the button to the left (again note the blocking operations)
	 yield waitForClick(theButton);
	 theButton.innerHTML = "<–";
	 yield animate(theButton, "left", 0, 1000, 20);
	 }
    };

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:

MAP FUNCTION

Coldfusion:

PHP:


<?php array_map(create_function('$x', 'return $x + 1;'), array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) ); ?>

Ruby:


[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map { |x| 2*x }

Python:


map(lambda x: 2*x, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) )

Javascript:


function map(fn, a)
   {
   for (i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
     {
     a[i] = fn(a[i]);
     }
   }
var b=[1,2,3,4,5].map(function(x){return x*2});

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


@b = map { 2 * $_ } (1,2,3,4,5);

REDUCE FUNCTION

Coldfusion:

PHP:


<? array_reduce(array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),   create_function('$x, $y', 'return $x + $y;') ); ?>

Ruby:


module Inject
    def inject(n)
       each do |value|
         n = yield(n, value)
       end
       n
    end
    def sum(initial = 0)
      inject(initial) { |n, value| n + value }
    end
    def product(initial = 1)
      inject(initial) { |n, value| n * value }
    end
  end

  class Array
    include Inject
  end 

[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ].sum � 15
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ].product � 120

Python:


reduce(lambda x,y: x+y, [1,2,3,4]) # returns 10

Javascript:


function reduce(fn, a, init)
   {
   var s = init;
   for (i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
     s = fn(s, a[i]);
   return s;
   }
var b = reduce(function(v, w){v += w; return v;}, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


sub reduce(&amp;@)
    {
    my $sub = shift;
    #call the anonymous subroutine with the first two elements in @_.
    #put the result back into @_ until @_ has only one element, which is the return value:
    while( @_ > 1 )
        {
        unshift @_, $sub->( shift, shift );
        }

    return $_[0];
    }
my @d = ({’title’,'one’, ‘value’,1}, {’value’, 2}, {’value’, 3}, {’title’,'four’, ‘value’,4});
my $s = reduce { $_[0] + $_[1] } @d;

FILTER FUNCTION

Coldfusion:

PHP:


<? array_filter(array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), create_function('$x', 'return $x % 2 == 0;') ); ?>

Ruby:


evens = [1,2,3,4,5,8,2].select { |i| i & 2 == 0 }

Python:


evens = filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, [1,2,3,4,5,8,2])

Javascript:


function filter(fn,a)
   {
   var matches = [];
   for (i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
     {
     if (fn(a[i]))
       {
       matches.push(a[i]);
       }
     }
   return matches;
   }
var total = [0, 1, 2, 3].filter(function(x){ return x & 1 == 0; });

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


@evens = grep { $_ & 1 == 0 } (1,2,3,4,5,8,2);

COMPOSE FUNCTION

Coldfusion:

PHP:

Ruby:

Python:


def compose(f, g):
     return f(g(x))
compose(sqr, cube, 2)
#64

Javascript:


function compose(f,g)
   {
   return function(x) { return f(g(x)) }
   }
  function square(x)
  { return x*x }
  function halve(x)
   {return x/2}
assert( compose( halve, square ) (4) == 8 )

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:

ANONYMOUS FUNCTION

Coldfusion:

PHP:


$foo = "myFunkyFunc";
$foo($arg, $arg1);
// Calls myFunkyFunk
$foo = create_function('$x','echo "x is $x";');
$foo(5);
// Output: x is 5

Ruby:


lamb = lambda {|x, y| puts x + y}

Python:


foo = lambda x: x*x

Javascript:


var a =
          [
          function(y) { return y; } ,
          function(y) { return y * y; } ,
          function (y) { return y * y * y; }
          ];
print (a[0](5) ) // returns 5
print (a[1](5) ) // returns 25
print (a[2](5) ) // returns 125

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:

(sub { print "I got called\n" })->();

CLOSURE

Coldfusion:

PHP:


function adder ($left)
    {
    $fA = create_function(’$x’,'return (’ . $left . ‘ + $x);’);
    return $fA;
    }

$f = adder(5);
echo $f(10);

Ruby:


def foo (n)
    lambda {|i| n += i }
end

Python:


def comp(limit):
   return lambda x: x < limit
a = comp(10)
b = comp(20)
print a(9), a(10), a(20), a(21)
#True False False False
print b(9), b(10), a(20), b(21)
#True True False False

Javascript:


function makeCounter ()
   {
   var count = 0;
   return function()
     {return count++;};
   };
var counter1 = makeCounter();
var counter2 = makeCounter();
alert(counter1()); // Prints 0
alert(counter1()); // Prints 1
alert(counter2()); // Prints 0

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


sub make_counter
    {
    my $initval = shift || 0;
    return sub { return $initval++ };
    }
my $ctrA = make_counter(10);
my $ctrB = make_counter(20);

print $ctrA->(), "\n";
print $ctrB->(), "\n";
print $ctrB->(), "\n";
print $ctrA->(), "\n";

CURRYING

Coldfusion:

PHP:


function curry($func, $arity) {
    return create_function('', "
        \$args = func_get_args();
        if(count(\$args) >= $arity)
            return call_user_func_array('$func', \$args);
        \$args = var_export(\$args, 1);
        return create_function('','
            \$a = func_get_args();
            \$z = ' . \$args . ';
            \$a = array_merge(\$z,\$a);
            return call_user_func_array(\'$func\', \$a);
        ');
    ");
}

function sum($a, $b) {
    return $a + $b;
}

$sum = curry('sum', 2);
$plus5 = $sum(5);
echo $plus5(10); // 15

$map = curry('array_map', 2);
$toupper = $map('strtoupper');
$ary = array('haskell', 'curry',);
print_r($toupper($ary)); // HASKELL CURRY

Ruby:


def curry(&l)
  lambda { |a| lambda { |b| l[a,b] } }
end

ctrue = curry { |a,b| a }
ctrue[1][0]
#1

Python:


def divide(x,y):
   return x/y
def divisor(d):
   return lambda x: divide(x,d)
half = divisor(2)
third = divisor(3)
print half(32), third(32)
#16 10
print half(40), third(40)
#20 13

Javascript:


function add(a, b) {
    if (arguments.length < 1) {
        return add;
    } else if (arguments.length < 2) {
        return function(c) { return a + c }
    } else {
        return a + b;
    }
}

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


sub create_roulette_table
     {
     my $color;
     my $money;
     my $numbers;
     return sub
       {
       $color = shift;
       return sub
         {
         $money = shift;
         return sub
           {
           push @$numbers, shift;
           return sub
             {
             # play logic here
             };
           };
         };
       };
     }
# to use, we might do something like:
my $table = create_roulette_table()->('red')->('500')->(8);
$table->(); # play
$table->(); # play again
# or we might do something like:
my $table_no_money = create_roulette_table()->('red')->('500');
my $table;
$table = $table_no_money->(100);
$table->(); # play
$table->(); # play again -- oops, lost everything
$table = $table_no_money->(50);
$table->(); # play some more

INTERNAL ITERATOR

Coldfusion:

PHP:

Ruby:


  def fibs(n)
    x = 0
    y = 1
    n.times do
      x, y = y, x + y
      yield(x)
    end
  end

Python:


z = [ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' ]
for i, item in enumerate(z):
    print i, item
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 d

Javascript:


if (!Array.prototype.forEach)
{
  Array.prototype.forEach = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
  {
    var len = this.length;
    if (typeof fun != "function")
      throw new TypeError();

    var thisp = arguments[1];
    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
    {
      if (i in this)
        fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this);
    }
  };
}

function printElt(element, index, array)
    {
    print("[" + index + "] is " + element); // assumes print is already defined
    }

[2, 5, 9].forEach(printElt);
// Prints:
// [0] is 2
// [1] is 5
// [2] is 9

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


foreach $key (sort(keys %ENV))
  {
  print $key, '=', $ENV{$key}, "\n";
  }

GENERATOR

Coldfusion:

PHP:

Ruby:


  def fib():
    x = 0
    y = 1
    while 1:
        x, y = y, x + y
        yield x

  g = fib()
  for i in range(9):
    print g.next()

Python:


  def fib():
    x = 0
    y = 1
    while 1:
        x, y = y, x + y
        yield x

  g = fib()
  for i in range(9):
    print g.next()

Javascript:


function fib()
  {
  var i = 0, j = 1;
  while (true)
    {
    yield i;
    var t = i;
    i = j;
    j += t;
    }
  }

var g = fib();
for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++)
  {
  alert(g.next() + "<br>\n");
  }

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:

CURRENT SCOPE

Coldfusion:this
PHP:$this
Ruby:self
Python:self
Javascript:this
JSP/JSTL:
Perl:my

OBJECT CREATION AND USAGE

Coldfusion:


<cfcomponent name=''Dogcatcher'' extends=''cfc.sql''>
   <cffunction name=''foobar'' access=''public'' returntype=''query''>
      <cfargument name=''doodoo'' type=''string'' required=''yes''>
      <cfquery name=''smell'' datasource=''doghouse''>
         select * from sticks where type= '#doodoo#'
      </cfquery>
      <cfreturn smell>
   </cffunction>
</cfcomponent>
<cfinvoke
              component=''Dogcatcher''
              method=''foobar''
              returnvariable=''surprise''
              doodoo=''green''
>
<cfoutput>#surprise#</cfoutput>

PHP:


<? class Dogcatcher extends SQL
  {
  public function foobar($doodoo)
  {;}
  }
  $myFoo = new Dogcatcher;
  $surprise = $myFoo->foobar('green');
  echo $surprise .''\n'';
?>

Ruby:


class Dogcatcher
  def foobar(doodoo)
    print ''Creating a new '', self.name, ''\n''
  end
end
myFoo = Dogcatcher.new
surprise = myFoo.foobar('green')
puts surprise

Python:


class Simple:
  def __init__(self, str):
    print "Inside the Simple constructor"
    self.s = str
  # Two methods:
  def show(self):
    print self.s
  def showMsg(self, msg):
    print msg + ':',
    self.show() # Calling another method

if __name__ == "__main__":
  # Create an object:
  x = Simple("constructor argument")
  x.show()
  x.showMsg("A message")
#:~

Javascript:


function Dogcatcher()
  {
  function foobar(doodoo)
      {
      alert('Puppy want some ' + doodoo)
      }
  }
var trick = Dogcatcher.foobar("treats");

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


sub query_db
   {
   my $self = shift;
   my @columns = @{$_[0]};
   my @tables = @{$_[1]};
   my $where = ${$_[2]};
   my $hashRef = $_[3];
   my %qryHsh = %{$hashRef} if defined $hashRef;
   my $is_distinct = $qryHsh{'is_distinct'};
   my $order_by = $qryHsh{'order_by'};
   my ($stmt, $sth, $result, $all_columns, $all_tables, $i);
   my $warning = "";
   my @result_set =();
   my $distinct = "";

   $self->connect_db();
   my $dbh = $self->{"DBHandle"};

   if ( defined($is_distinct) &amp;&amp; $is_distinct == 1 )
      { $distinct = "DISTINCT" };

   $all_columns = join(", ", @columns);
   $all_tables = join(", ", @tables);
   $stmt = "select $distinct $all_columns from $all_tables ";

   if ((defined $where) &amp;&amp; ($where ne ""))
     {
     $stmt .= " where $where";
     }

   if ((defined $order_by) &amp;&amp; ($order_by ne ""))
     {
     $stmt .= " order by $order_by";
     }

   $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt) || throw E_DB
    ("Error in prepare statement in CDB::SQL->query_db **$stmt**\n");

   $result = $sth->execute() || throw E_DB
    ("Error in execute statement in CDB::SQL->query_db **$stmt** " . DBI->errstr);

   while (my @a = $sth->fetchrow_array)
     {
     push(@result_set, \@a);
     }

   $self->{"RESULT_SET"} = $sth->fetchall_arrayref();
   $sth->finish;

   return $self->{"RESULT_SET"};
   }

OBJECT INITIALIZERS/CONSTRUCTORS

Coldfusion:

PHP:


class rep
   {
   var $parameters=array();
   function __construct( $select, $update, $eval)
     {
     $this->parameters['select'] = $select;
     $this->parameters['update'] = $update;
     $this->parameters['eval'] = $eval;
     }
   function run()
     {
     $args = func_get_args();
     $selections = call_user_func_array( $this->parameters['select'], args);
     $updates = call_user_func_array( $this->parameters['update'], $selections);
     return call_user_func_array( $this->parameters['eval'], $updates);
     }
   }

Ruby:

Python:

Javascript:


var person = {
                    name: "Gina Vechio",
 	            children: [ "Ruby", "Chickie", "Puppa"]
                  };

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


sub new
   {
   my $class = shift;
   my %opts = @_;
   my $self =
     {
     DBHandle => undef, # Actual Database Handle
     Databases => [], # List of database opt sets
     };

   $self->{'CACHE_PATH'} = $opts{'CACHE_PATH'} || $DefaultCDBCache;
   $self->{'USER'} = $opts{'USER'} || (getpwuid($>))[0]
   || $ENV{'USER'} || $ENV{'LOGNAME'} || 'unknown';
   $self->{'TRANSACTION'} = $opts{'TRANSACTION'} || 0;
   $self->{'CONNECTED'} = 0;   # We're making a new connection
   bless ($self, $class);
   $self->_load_cdbrc();
   foreach my $default ( @DefaultOpts )
     {
     my %info;

     foreach my $arg ( keys %$default )
       {
       $info{$arg} ||= $default->{$arg};
       }

     push( @{ $self->{'Databases'} }, \%info );
     }
   return $self;
   }

CALLBACKS

Coldfusion:

PHP:


<?
function my_callback_function()
    {
    echo 'hello world!';
    }

class MyClass
    {
    function myCallbackMethod()
        {
        echo 'Hello World!';
        }
    }

call_user_func('my_callback_function'); 

call_user_func_array('MyClass', 'myCallbackMethod'); 

$obj = new MyClass();
call_user_func_array($obj, 'myMethod');

$cube = create_function('$i', 'return $i * $i * $i;');
$a = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
$b = array_map($cube, $a);
print_r($b);
?>

Ruby:

Python:

Javascript:

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:

MIXIN INHERITANCE

Coldfusion:
PHP:
Ruby:
Python:
Javascript:
JSP/JSTL:
Perl:

HASHMAP INITIALIZATION

Coldfusion: <cfset h = StructNew()>

PHP: <? $h[a] = 1; ?>

Ruby: h = {}

h[a] = 1

Python:; h = {}

h[a] = 1

Javascript: var h = {};

h[a] = 1;

JSP/JSTL: <jsp:useBean id=”map” class=”java.util.HashMap”/>
<c:set target=”${map}” property=”cat” value=”brown”/>
<c:set target=”${map}” property=”dog” value=”green”/>
<c:set target=”${map}” property=”rat” value=”black”/>

Perl: %h = (”a”, 1);

HASHMAP SEARCH

Coldfusion: <cfif StructKeyExists(h, “a”)>

PHP:<? if (in_array(”a”, $h) ) ?>

Ruby: if (h.has_key?(”a”) )

Python: if (h.has_key(”a”) )

Javascript:

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: if (exists $h{a})

DELETE OF HASHMAP KEY

Coldfusion: <cfset removed = StructDelete(h, “a”)>

PHP: $removed = array_splice($h, array_search(”a”,$h), 1);

Ruby: removed = h.delete(”a”)

Python: removed = del h["a"]

Javascript:

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: $removed = delete $h{a};

VALUE OF HASHMAP KEY

Coldfusion: <cfset myval = h.a>

PHP: <? $myval = $h["a"] ?>

Ruby: myval = h["a"]

Python: myval = h["a"]

Javascript: var myval = h["a"]

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: $myval = $h{a};

ARRAY OF HASHMAP KEYS

Coldfusion: <cfset allkeys = StructKeyArray(h)>

PHP: <? $allkeys = array(array_keys($h) ) ?>

Ruby: allkeys = h.keys

Python: allkeys = h.keys()

Javascript:

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: @allkeys = keys %h;

ARRAY OF HASHMAP VALUES

Coldfusion:

PHP: <? $allvalues = array(array_values($h) ) ?>

Ruby: allvalues = h.values

Python: allvalues = h.values()

Javascript:

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: @allvalues = values %h;

ARRAY INITIALIZATION

Coldfusion: <cfset blog = ArrayNew(1)#>

PHP: <? $blog = array();?>

<? $blog = array_fill(1,6,”0”);?>

<? print($blog[3]);?>

Ruby: blog = Array.new

blog[0,6] = ”0”

Python: from array import array

a = array(0,0,0,0,0,0)

Javascript: a = [];

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: @blog = (0,0,0,0,0,0) ;

$blog[2];

ARRAY LENGTH LOOPING

Coldfusion: <cfloop from=”0” to=”#ArrayLen(blog)#” index=”counter”>

PHP: <? for i=”0”; i<=$blog.count()”; i++ ?>

Ruby: for i in blog.length

Python: for i in len(blog)

Javascript: for (i=0; i <= blog.length; i++)

JSP/JSTL: for(i=0; i <= ${fn:length(blog)})

Perl: foreach $i (@blog)

ARRAY PUSH

Coldfusion: <cfoutput>#ArrayAppend(blog,3,”makaveli”)#</cfoutput>

PHP: <? $blog[] = ‘makaveli’;?>; //No insertAt equivalent

Ruby: blog << ‘makaveli’

Python: blog.append(’makaveli’);

Javascript: blog.push(’makaveli’);

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: push(@blog,’makaveli’);

ARRAY POP

Coldfusion: <cfoutput> #ListFirst(data)#”</cfoutput>

PHP: <? $popee = array_pop($data); ?>

Ruby: popee = data.pop

Python: popee = data.pop()

Javascript: popee = data.pop();

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: $popee = pop(@data);

ARRAY FIND

Coldfusion: <cfif ListFind(”tupac”, ”tupac”)>

PHP: <? if array_key_exists(’tupac’, array(’tupac’)>

Ruby: if tupac.index(”tupac”)

Python: if tupac.index(”tupac”)

Javascript: if ( (”tupac”).toString.indexOf(”tupac”)

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: if (grep /^$rel1$/, @released){print “Result = $rel1\n”;}

ARRAY SEARCHING

Coldfusion: <cfset result = ListContains(”2,4,6,8,10”, ”10”)>

PHP: <? $result = array_search(10, array(2,4,6,8,10) ); ?>

Ruby: result = [2,4,6,8,10].include?(10)

Python: result = array(2,4,6,8,10).count(10)

Javascript: result = (2,4,6,8,10).join().indexOf(10)

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: $result = index(join((2,4,6,8,10),10);

ARRAY REPLACEMENT

Coldfusion: <cfset splice= ListContains(”2,4,6,8,10”, ”10”)>

PHP: <? $splice = array_splice(array(2,4,6,8,10),0,1,”0”); ?>

Ruby: splice = Array[ 2,4,6,8,10]

splice[0,1] = 0

Python: splice= array(2,4,6,8,10).remove(2)

splice= array(2,4,6,8,10).insert(0,1)

Javascript: splice = (2,4,6,8,10).splice(1,2,0,1)

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: @array = (2,4,6,8,10)

$splice = splice(@array,0,1,0)

ARRAY INSERTION

Coldfusion: <cfset insert = ArrayInsertAt(”2,4,6,8,10”, 2, ”10”)>

PHP: <? $insert = array_splice(array(2,4,6,8,10),3,0,”9”); ?>

Ruby: insert= Array[ 2,4,6,8,10]

insert[4,0] = 9

Python: insert = array(2,4,6,8,10).insert(9,-1)

Javascript: insert = (2,4,6,8,10).splice(3,0,9)

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: $insert = splice((2,4,6,8,10),3,0,9)

STRING REPLACEMENT

Coldfusion: <cfset headline = Replace(”Yankees Lose.”,”.”,”!”,”All”)

;PHP: <? $headline = str_replace(”.”, ”!”, ”Yankees Lose.”); ?>

Ruby: headline = ”Yankees Lose.”.sub(/\./, ‘!’)

Python: headline = ”Yankees Lose.”.replace(”.”,”!”)

Javascript: headline = ”Yankees Lose”.replace(/\./, ‘!’);

JSP/JSTL: <c:set headline = ${fn:replace(”Yankees Lose.”, .”, ”!”)}/>

Perl: $shortname = substr( ”Yankees Lose.”,13) = “!”;

STRING FIND

Coldfusion: <cfif Find(”pac”, ”tupac”)>

PHP: <? if (strpos(”tupac”, ”pac”) = = = false) ?>

Ruby: if ”tupac”.include?(”pac”)

Python: if ”tupac”.find(”pac”)

Javascript: if (”tupac”.indexOf(”pac”) )

JSP/JSTL: <c:if test=”${fn:contains(tupac, pac)}”>

Perl: if (index(”tupac”,”pac”) )

STRING INSERTION

Coldfusion: <cfoutput> #Insert(”.”, ”Hello My name is Fred”,5)#</cfoutput>

PHP: <? str_replace(”Hello”, ”Hello.”, ”Hello My name is Fred”); ?>

Ruby: ”Hello My name is Fred”.insert(5,’.')

Python: ”Hello My name is Fred”.replace(”Hello”, ”Hello.”)

Javascript: ”Hello My name is Fred”.replace(/Hello/, ”Hello.”)

JSP/JSTL: <c:set ${fn:replace(”Hello My name is Fred”, ”Hello”, ”Hello.”)}/>

Perl:substr(”Hello My name is Fred”, 6) = “.”;

STRING TRUNCATION

Coldfusion: <cfset shortname = RemoveChars(”Tupac”, 1, 2)> //returns ”pac”

PHP: <? $shortname = substr(”Tupac”, 2) ?>

Ruby: shortname = ”Tupac”[2,3]

Python: shortname = ”Tupac”.lstrip(”Tu”)

Javascript: shortname = ”Tupac”.substring(2,3);

JSP/JSTL: <c:set shortname: ${fn:substring(zip, 6, -1)} />

Perl: $shortname = substr(”Tupac”,2,3);

REGULAR EXPRESSION MATCHING

Coldfusion:


<cfset where = REFind ("[Uu]\.?[Ss]\.?[Aa}\.?", Report )>

PHP:


<?php
/* The \b in the pattern indicates a word boundary, so only the distinct
 * word "web" is matched, and not a word partial like "webbing" or "cobweb" */
if (preg_match("/\bweb\b/i", "PHP is the web scripting language of choice."))
    {
    echo "A match was found.";
    }
else
    {
    echo "A match was not found.";
    }

if (preg_match("/\bweb\b/i", "PHP is the website scripting language of choice."))
    {
    echo "A match was found.";
    }
else
    {
    echo "A match was not found.";
    }
?>

Ruby:


johnsays = “It's 9:18PM here now.I cannot wait to go out tonight.”
time = /\d\d:\d\d/
if johnsays=~time
puts “John told you what time it is.He is eager to go out.”
else
puts “John does not care what time it is.He is too tired to go out.”
end

Python:


import re
text = "The Attila the Hun Show"
# match a single character
m = re.match(".", text)
# print the matching string
if m: print repr("."), "=>", repr(m.group(0))

Javascript:

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


while (defined($paragraph = <>))
    {
    while ($paragraph =~ /[a-z]['")]*[.!?]+['")]*\s/g)
        {
        $sentences++;
        }
    }
print "$sentences\n";

REGULAR EXPRESSION REPLACEMENT

Coldfusion:


<cfset newtext = REReplace("I love jellies","jell(y|ies)","cookies")>

PHP:


<?
$string = 'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.';
$patterns[0] = '/quick/';
$patterns[1] = '/brown/';
$patterns[2] = '/fox/';
$replacements[2] = 'cat';
$replacements[1] = 'orange';
$replacements[0] = 'slow';
echo preg_replace($patterns, $replacements, $string);
?>

Ruby:


"fred:smith".sub(/(\w+):(\w+)/. '\2, \1') -> smith, fred

Python:


import re
text = "you're no fun anymore..."
# literal replace (string.replace is faster)
print re.sub("fun", "good", text)

Javascript:

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:


# Replace foo with bar.
s {foo} {bar}

DATE FORMATTING

Coldfusion: <cfoutput> #Dateformat(now(), ”mmm dd, yyyy”)#</cfoutput>

PHP: <? echo date(”M d, Y”); ?>

Ruby: date.month date.day date.year

Python: from datetime import date

date.today()

Javascript: var today = new Date();

var Year = takeYear(today);

var Month = leadingZero(today.getMonth()+1);

var DayName = Days[today.getDay()];

var Day = leadingZero(today.getDate());

var Hours = leadingZero(today.getHours());

var Minutes = leadingZero(today.getMinutes());

var Seconds = leadingZero(today.getSeconds());

JSP/JSTL: <%@page import=”java.util.*” %>

Date today = new Date();

Perl: $today = (localtime)[4] . (localtime)[6] . “,” . (localtime)[7];

TYPE CONVERSION

Coldfusion: <cfset nameArray = ListToArray(”2,4,6,8,10”)>

PHP: <? $nameArray = (array) ”2,4,6,8,10”; ?>

Ruby: nameArray = ”2,4,6,8,10”.to_a

Python: nameList = array(2,4,6,8,10).tolist()

Javascript: nameString = (2,4,6,8,10).toString

JSP/JSTL: <c:set ${fn:join(array, ”,”)}/>

Perl: @blues= (2,4,6,8,10);

%is_blue = ();

for (@blues) { $is_blue{$_} = 1 }

URL ENCODING

Coldfusion: <cfset location = urlEncodedFormat(”http://www.do.com?start=!1&end=!10”)>

PHP: <? $location = urlencode(”http://www.do.com?start=!1&end=!10”); ?>

Ruby: require ‘uri’

location = URI.escape(”http://www.do.com?start=!1&end=!10”)

Python: import urllib

location = urllib.urlencode(”http://www.do.com?start=!1&end=!10”)

Javascript: location = encodeURIComponent(”http://www.do.com?start=!1&end=!10”);

JSP/JSTL: <% location = response.encodeURL(”url”); %>

Perl: $location=escapeHTML(”http://www.do.com?start=!1&end=!10”);

CGI PARAMETERS

Coldfusion: <cfset loggedIP = CGI.REMOTE_ADDR>

PHP: <? $loggedIP = getenv(’REMOTE_ADDR’); ?>

Ruby: require ‘cgi’

cgi = CGI.new

loggedIP = cgi.remote_addr

Python: import os

import cgi

from cgi import escape

loggedIP = escape(os.environ['REMOTE_ADDR'])

Javascript: referrer = document.referrer

JSP/JSTL: <c:set target=’${header.remote_address}’ />

Perl: $loggedIP = $ENV{’REMOTE_ADDR’};

GETTING FORM FIELD VALUES

Coldfusion: <cfset username = #form.user#>

PHP: <? $username = $_POST['user']; ?>

Ruby: require ‘cgi’

cgi = CGI.new

username = cgi['user']

Python: import cgi

form = cgi.FieldStorage()

username = form.getfirst(”user”, ””).upper()

Javascript: username = document.forms[0]['user'].value

JSP/JSTL: <c:set username=’${param.user}’ />

Perl: use CGI

$form = new CGI;

$username = $form->user;

EMAILING

Coldfusion: <cfmail to = ”2pac” from = ”makaveli” subject = ”outlaw 4 life”>I’m back</cfmail>

PHP:
<? mail(’2pac’, ‘outlaw 4 life’, ‘I”m back’, ‘From:makaveli’ ); ?>
Ruby:
require net/smtp
body = “Wait till they get a load of me”
server = Net::SMTP.start(’localhost’, 25)
server.send_message body, ‘jack@gotham.com’, ‘bat@manor.com’
server.finish
Python: import smtplib
server = smtplib.SMTP(’localhost’)
server.sendmail(’soothsayer@example.org’, ‘jcaesar@example.org’, ”””Beware the Ides of March.”””)
server.quit()
Javascript: N/A
JSP/JSTL:
Perl:
use Net::SMTP;
$smtp = Net::SMTP->new(”localhost”);
$smtp->mail(”admin\@mysite.com”);
$smtp->to(”user\@freemail.com”);
$smtp->data();
$smtp->datasend(”Hello World!\n\n”);
$smtp->dataend();
$smtp->quit();

GETTING/SETTING COOKIES:

Coldfusion:


<cfcookie name = ''restrictions''  value = ''off'' expires = ''NOW''>
<cfoutput>#cookie.restrictions#</cfoutput>

PHP:


<? setcookie(''restrictions'',''off'', time() ); ?>
<? echo $_COOKIE[''restrictions'']; ?>

Ruby:


cookie1 = CGI::Cookie::new(''name'' =&gt; ''restrictions'', ''value'' =&gt; ''off'', ''expires'' = ''NOW'')
cgi.cookies['restrictions']

Python:


import Cookie
C = Cookie.SimpleCookie()
C[''restrictions''] = ''none''
print C['restrictions'].value

Javascript:


document.cookie =  'restrictions=off; expires=Thu, 2 Aug 2001 20:47:11 UTC;'
cookieString = document.cookie
cookieArray = cookieSet.split(";")
var i = 0
var len = cookieArray.length

for(i=0;i < len; i++)
  {
  if(cookieArray[i].indexOf("restrictions") )
     {
     cookieDetails = cookieArray[i].split("=")
     cookieName = cookiePairArray[0]
     cookieValue = cookiePairArray[1]
     }
  }

JSP/JSTL:


<% Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie(''restrictions'',''off''); %>
<% response.addCookie(cookie1); %>
<% Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies(); %>

Perl:


%cookies = fetch CGI::Cookie;
my $c = new CGI::Cookie(-name => 'foo',-value=> 'bar', -expires => '+3M');
$cookies{"foo"};

CODE ABORTING

Coldfusion: <cfabort>

PHP: <? exit(); >

Ruby: exit

Python: sys.exit()

Javascript: return

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: die

EXCEPTION HANDLING

Coldfusion:


<cftry>
  <cfset name=''#url.name#>
<cfcatch>
   <p>Login Required</p>
   <cfoutput>#cfcatch.message#><br>#cfcatch.type#</cfoutput>
</cfcatch>
</cftry>

PHP:


try
   {
   echo inverse(5) . ''\n'';
   echo inverse(0) . ''\n'';
   }
catch (Exception $e)
   {
   echo 'Caught exception: ',  $e-&gt;getMessage(), ''\n'';
   }

Ruby:


throw :quit_requested if res == ''!''
  res
end
catch :quit_requested do

Python:


try:
   x = int(raw_input(''Please enter a number: ''))
break
except ValueError:
    print ''Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...''

Javascript:


try
  {
  http_request = new ActiveXObject(''Msxml2.XMLHTTP'');
  }
catch (e)
  {
  alert(e.name + ": " + e.message);
  }

JSP/JSTL:


<c:catch var="error">
  <c:set var="price" value="${param.unitPrice * param.quantity}"/>
  <p> Price: ${price}</p>
</c:catch>

Perl:


eval
  {
  # Code that could throw an exception (using 'die')
  open(FILE, $file) || die "Could not open file: $!";
  while ()
    {
    process_line($_);
    }
  close(FILE) || die "Could not close $file: $!";
  };

if ($@)
  {
  # Handle exception here. The exception string is in $@
  }

SWITCH STATEMENT

Coldfusion:


<cfswitch expression=''#burger#''>
  <cfcase value=''Big Mac''><cfset response=''Blarg''></cfcase>
  <cfcase value=''Sourdough Jack'><cfset response=''Excellent!'></cfcase>
  <cfdefaultcase><cfset response=''Houseburgers are the best''></cfdefaultcase>
</cfswitch>

PHP:


<?
switch ($burger)
    {
    case ''Big Mac'':$response = ''Blarg'';break;
    case ''Sourdough Jack'':
    $response = ''Excellent!'';
    break;
    default:
      $response = ''Houseburgers are the best'';
    }
?>

Ruby:


case variable
  when condition1
    instruction1
  when condition2
    instruction2
  else instruction k+1
    end

Python:


if value == 'option1':
  function1()
elif value == 'option2':
  function2()
elif value == 'option3':
  function3()
else
  0

Javascript:


switch (key)
  {
  case 5:
    quizname = document.createTextNode(''SmoothJazzLoop'');
  break;
  }

JSP/JSTL:


<c:choose>
  <c:when test="${customer.category == ’trial’}" >
    ...
  </c:when>
  <c:when test="${customer.category == ’member’}" >
    ...
  </c:when>
  <c:when test="${customer.category == ’preferred’}" >
    ...
  </c:when>
  <c:otherwise>
    ...
  </c:otherwise>
</c:choose>

Perl:


SWITCH:
  {
  if (/^abc/)  { $abc = 1; <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/last.html">last</a> SWITCH; }
  if (/^def/)  { $def = 1; <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/last.html">last</a> SWITCH; }
  if (/^xyz/)  { $xyz = 1; <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/last.html">last</a> SWITCH; }
  $nothing = 1;
  }

DATABASE TRANSACTIONS

Coldfusion:


<cfquery name = ''timmy'' datasource = ''#prod#''>select * from logs</cfquery>

PHP:


$mysql = $dbh = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost:/tmp/mysql5.sock;dbname=mydb', $myuser, $mypass);

$query = 'SELECT id FROM logs where page = ?';

$result = $dbh->prepare($query);

$result->bindParam(1, $page, PDO::PARAM_INT);

$result->execute();

$rows = $result->fetchall();

Ruby:


require 'dbi'
query = %{ SELECT name, id FROM users WHERE id &lt; 4 }
DBI.connect('DBI:Mysql:test', 'testuser', 'testpwd') do | dbh |
  dbh.select_all(query)  do | row |
    p row
  end
end

Python:


import MySQLdb
mysql = MySQLdb.connect(''localhost:/tmp/mysql5.sock '', ''myuser'', ''mysecret'', ''mydb'')
query = mysql.cursor()
try:
    query.execute(''select * from yaddayadda'')
except MysqlError, e:
    # handle error here
else:
    for row in query:
      print row
    cursor.close()

Javascript: N/A

JSP/JSTL:


<c:set var="bookId" value="${param.Remove}"/>
<jsp:useBean id="bookId" type="java.lang.String" />
  <% cart.remove(bookId); %>
<sql:query var="books" dataSource="${applicationScope.mySite}">
  select * from PUBLIC.books where id = ?
  <sql:param value="${bookId}" />
</sql:query>

Perl:


use 'dbi'
$dbh = &dbConnect( $LocalDB::dataSource, $LocalDB::user, $LocalDB::pass);
$sql = "SELECT DISTINCT market_segment_id, market_segment";
$sql .= " FROM market_segments";
my $mktSegRef = &amp;dbQuery($dbh, $sql);

TEMPLATE INCLUDE

Coldfusion: <cfinclude template=”test.cfm”>

PHP: <? include(’test.php’) ?>

Ruby: test = file.open(”test.rb”)

Python: execfile(test.py)
OR
file = open(test.py,’r')
exec file
file.close()

Javascript: var script = document.createElement(”script”); script.src = ’test.js’; script.type = ’text/javascript’;

JSP/JSTL: <% jsp:include file=”test.JSP” %>

Perl: use CGI

FILE ACCESS

Coldfusion: <cffile action=”read” file=”readme.txt” variable=”content”>

PHP: <? $content = file_get_contents(”readme.txt”)

Ruby: file = File.open(”readme.txt”)

do |file|
while content = file.gets

Python: file = open(”readme.txt”)

content = read(file)

Javascript: xmlhttp.open(’GET’, “readme.txt”)

content = xmlhttp.responseText;

JSP/JSTL: <c:import url=”readme.txt”/>

Perl: open(INF, “readme.txt”);

@content = <INF>;

HTML HEAD TAG INSERTION

Coldfusion: <cfhtmlhead text = ”<title>This is protected by the Red, Black, and Green</title>”>

PHP:

Ruby:

Python:

Javascript: document.getElementsByTagName(”title”)[0].nodeValue=” This is protected by the Red, the Black, and the Green”;

JSP/JSTL:

Perl:

SHELL COMMAND EXECUTION

Coldfusion: <cfexecute name=”ipconfig.exe” arguments=”/all” />

PHP: exec (ipconfig /all)

Ruby: `ipconfig /all` (backtick method; alternate commands include exec, system, io#popen, open3#popen3)

Python: exec (ipconfig /all)

Javascript: N/A

JSP/JSTL:

Perl: exec (ipconfig /all)

REFERENCES

Language Comparison:
Language Philosophy
Language Transitions
Syntax Comparison
Feature Comparison
Glossary of Languages
Evolutionary Languages
Scripting Language Overview
Language Categories
Language Power
Language Speed
Canonical Syntax Example

Coldfusion:
CFML Reference

Python:
Official Python Tutorial
Python Builtin Functions
Python Command Index
Python Regexp Tutorial
Python Reserved Method Names
Python Primer
Python Anti-FAQ
Python MySQL Tutorial
Python Programming Guide
Introduction to Python
Python Cookbook
Python Database APIs
Python Resources
Python Wiki

Ruby:
Ruby and Rails API Guide
Ruby Tutorials
Official Ruby Documentation
Ruby Builtin Functions
Ruby Users Guide
Ruby Pick Axe Book
Poignant Guide to Ruby
Object Oriented Ruby Guide
Learn to Program using Ruby

PHP:
PHP Language Reference
PHP Function Reference
PHP PDO Reference
PHP Reserved Variables
PHP Regexp Reference
PHP Function Index
PHP Programming Guide
PHP Tutorials
PHP Database Abstraction Class Comparison

Javascript:
JavaScript Language Reference
JScript Language Reference
Javascript Guide
XMLHTTP Reference
Javascript Programming Guide
Javascript Regex and Unicode Tests
AJAX Tutorial

Actionscript 3:
Actionscript 3.0 Programming Guide
Actionscript 3.0 Reference

Actionscript 2:
Actionscript 2.0 Reference

Actionscript 1:
Actionscript Dictionary

JSP/JSTL:
JSP Blog
JSP 2.0 XML Cheat Sheet
JSTL Tutorial
JSTL 1.1 Documentation
JSP 2.0 Syntax Reference

Perl:
Official Perl Documentation
Perl Operators and Regexp
CGI Perl Module Guide
Modular Perl Guide
Object Oriented Perl Guide

Unicode Hex and Character Entities:
HTML and Unicode Punctation and Symbol Codes
Greek Alphabet and Symbol Entities

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Web Design Tips
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Entries and comments feeds.

Paul Sweatte

Syntax

COMMENTS

HERE DOCUMENT

OPERATORS

SIGILS

NAMESPACES

VARIABLE EXISTENCE

VARIABLE DUMPING

DYNAMIC VARIABLE NAMING

SHORT CIRCUIT EVALUATION

RECURSION

REFLECTION

MEMOIZING

LIST COMPREHENSION

COROUTINE

CONTINUATION

MAP FUNCTION

REDUCE FUNCTION

FILTER FUNCTION

COMPOSE FUNCTION

ANONYMOUS FUNCTION

CLOSURE

CURRYING

INTERNAL ITERATOR

GENERATOR

CURRENT SCOPE

OBJECT CREATION AND USAGE

OBJECT INITIALIZERS/CONSTRUCTORS

CALLBACKS

MIXIN INHERITANCE

HASHMAP INITIALIZATION

HASHMAP SEARCH

DELETE OF HASHMAP KEY

VALUE OF HASHMAP KEY

ARRAY OF HASHMAP KEYS

ARRAY OF HASHMAP VALUES

ARRAY INITIALIZATION

ARRAY LENGTH LOOPING

ARRAY PUSH

ARRAY POP

ARRAY FIND

ARRAY SEARCHING

ARRAY REPLACEMENT

ARRAY INSERTION

STRING REPLACEMENT

STRING FIND

STRING INSERTION

STRING TRUNCATION

REGULAR EXPRESSION MATCHING

REGULAR EXPRESSION REPLACEMENT

DATE FORMATTING

TYPE CONVERSION

URL ENCODING

CGI PARAMETERS

GETTING FORM FIELD VALUES

EMAILING

GETTING/SETTING COOKIES:

CODE ABORTING

EXCEPTION HANDLING

SWITCH STATEMENT

DATABASE TRANSACTIONS

TEMPLATE INCLUDE

FILE ACCESS

HTML HEAD TAG INSERTION

SHELL COMMAND EXECUTION

REFERENCES

Archives

Pages

Tags

Web Design Tips